30 languages — paradigm, typing, year, creator, use case.
Programming Languages Reference
| Language | Year | Creator | Paradigm | Typing | Runtime | Primary Use | Domain Tags |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Python | 1991 | Guido van Rossum | Multi-paradigm | Dynamic | CPython 3.x | ML/AI, scripting, web, data science | AI/MLWebScripting |
| JavaScript | 1995 | Brendan Eich | Multi-paradigm | Dynamic | V8, SpiderMonkey | Web frontend, Node.js backend, mobile | FrontendNode.js |
| TypeScript | 2012 | Microsoft | OOP + FP | Static (transpiled) | tsc → JS | Large-scale web apps, type-safe JS | FrontendEnterprise |
| C | 1972 | Dennis Ritchie | Imperative | Static | GCC, Clang | OS kernels, embedded, systems | SystemsEmbedded |
| C++ | 1983 | Bjarne Stroustrup | Multi-paradigm | Static | GCC, Clang, MSVC | Game engines, HPC, compilers, robotics | SystemsHPC |
| C# | 2000 | Anders Hejlsberg / Microsoft | OOP | Static | .NET CLR | Enterprise apps, Unity games, Windows | EnterpriseGames |
| Java | 1995 | James Gosling / Sun | OOP | Static | JVM | Enterprise backends, Android, big data | EnterpriseAndroid |
| Go | 2009 | Concurrent, imperative | Static | gc (Go compiler) | Cloud services, CLIs, high-concurrency | CloudCLI | |
| Rust | 2015 | Mozilla Research | Systems, functional | Static | rustc | Safe systems, WASM, game engines | SystemsSafe |
| Kotlin | 2011 | JetBrains | OOP + FP | Static | JVM / Kotlin Native | Android, server-side, multiplatform | AndroidJVM |
| Swift | 2014 | Apple | OOP + FP | Static | LLVM | iOS/macOS apps, system scripting | iOSmacOS |
| Dart | 2011 | OOP | Static | Dart VM / JS | Flutter mobile, web apps | FlutterWeb | |
| Ruby | 1995 | Yukihiro Matsumoto | OOP | Dynamic | MRI, JRuby | Web (Rails), scripting, DevOps | WebScripting |
| PHP | 1994 | Rasmus Lerdorf | Multi-paradigm | Dynamic | Zend Engine | Web backends (WordPress, Laravel) | WebCMS |
| R | 1993 | Ross Ihaka, R. Gentleman | Functional | Dynamic | R interpreter | Statistics, data analysis, bioinformatics | StatsBio |
| Julia | 2012 | Jeff Bezanson et al. | Multi-paradigm | Dynamic JIT | Julia compiler | Scientific computing, numerical analysis | HPCScience |
| Scala | 2004 | Martin Odersky | OOP + FP | Static | JVM / Scala Native | Big data (Spark), functional backends | Big DataFP |
| Haskell | 1990 | Committee (FPCA) | Pure FP | Static | GHC | Compilers, formal verification, research | FPResearch |
| Elixir | 2011 | José Valim | Functional | Dynamic | BEAM (Erlang VM) | Distributed systems, real-time, Phoenix | RealtimeDistributed |
| Erlang | 1986 | Ericsson | Concurrent FP | Dynamic | BEAM VM | Telecom, distributed fault-tolerant systems | TelecomFault-tolerant |
| Lua | 1993 | PUC-Rio | Multi-paradigm | Dynamic | PUC Lua | Game scripting (Roblox, Love2D), embedded | GamesEmbedded |
| Perl | 1987 | Larry Wall | Multi-paradigm | Dynamic | Perl interpreter | Text processing, sysadmin, bioinformatics | TextSysAdmin |
| MATLAB | 1984 | MathWorks | Matrix-oriented | Dynamic | MATLAB runtime | Engineering simulation, signal processing | ScienceSignal |
| Assembly | 1949 | Various | Imperative (ISA) | None (direct) | NASM, MASM, GAS | Firmware, bootloaders, reverse engineering | Low-levelFirmware |
| Fortran | 1957 | John Backus / IBM | Imperative | Static | gfortran, ifort | Scientific HPC, weather/climate models | HPCScience |
| COBOL | 1959 | Grace Hopper et al. | Procedural | Static | GnuCOBOL | Banking, insurance, legacy enterprise | FinanceLegacy |
| SQL | 1974 | IBM (Chamberlin, Boyce) | Declarative | Static-typed | All RDBMS | Data querying, database management | DataDB |
| Bash/Shell | 1989 | Brian Fox (Bash) | Scripting | Dynamic | bash, zsh, sh | Unix automation, CI/CD, system tasks | ScriptingDevOps |
| PowerShell | 2006 | Jeffrey Snover / Microsoft | OOP + Scripting | Dynamic | .NET | Windows automation, Azure, DevOps | WindowsDevOps |
| Prolog | 1972 | Alain Colmerauer | Logic | Dynamic | SWI-Prolog | AI/logic programming, NLP, theorem proving | AILogic |
* Typing: Static = compile-time type check. Dynamic = runtime. "Static (transpiled)" = TypeScript compiles to JS.
